不同温度下约束钢梁的落锤冲击响应分析

研究不同温度和冲击荷载作用下约束钢梁的动力响应问题。利用通用非线性有限元分析程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA,分别模拟了两端固支、一端固支一端轴向弹簧约束的钢梁在不同温度下受到落锤冲击时的动力响应。在温度荷载和冲击荷载联合作用下,分析了位移响应、撞击力时程曲线及冲量等的温度效应。通过撞击力时程曲线分析得出最大撞击力随温度的变化趋势与欧洲规范EC3给出的不同温度下的钢材的屈服强度折减系数的变化趋势相似,钢梁跨中的横向位移随着温度的升高而增加。还分析了高温和冲击荷载联合作用下落锤的撞击速度、不同的质量—速度组合、横向加劲肋对钢梁的变形的影响。     

东平湖底泥重金属污染及其对摇蚊分布的影响

东平湖是南水北调东线的重要调蓄湖,其水环境状况对输水安全具有重要意义.为分析与评价东平湖底泥重金属污染状况及其与摇蚊分布关系,采集30个东平湖底泥样品,分别测试和鉴定其中的元素含量和摇蚊亚化石种属.运用地积累指数和生态危害指数法对东平湖底泥重金属污染进行分析评价,发现Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni是主要污染物,但污染程度相对较低,整体为轻度—中度污染水平,潜在生态危害性为轻微水平,且其污染及危害性均呈现出由湖区东南向西北逐渐降低的空间分布特征.其中,Cu污染最为严重,部分地区达到强污染水平.东平湖底泥共鉴定出41个摇蚊属种,主要优势种由Stempellinella-Zavrelia(30.88%)、Propsilocerus akamusi-type(26.79%)、Paratanytarsus(10.34%)、Cricotopus sylvestris-type(7.52%)和Hydrobaenus conformis-type(5.19%)组成.Stempellinella-Zavrelia和Propsilocerus akamusi-type是东平湖的绝对优势种,合占全湖的57.67%,且几乎呈全湖性分布.摇蚊RDA分析显示第一轴特征值为0.073,摇蚊种属与环境的相关关系达到了58.4%.RDA结果表明影响摇蚊组成分布的显著因子是Mn,并解释了7.3%的摇蚊变率.摇蚊属种Stempellinella-Zavrelia、Propsilocerus akamusi-type、Paratanytarsus、Hydrobaenus conformis-type等分布在Mn污染较小的区域.Pearson相关分析进一步表明东平湖底泥不同摇蚊种属对重金属Mn污染的响应存在显著差异.总体来看,底泥重金属对东平湖摇蚊组成和分布有显著影响,但不同金属对其影响存在差异.     

U-shaped microRNA expression pattern could be a new concept biomarker for environmental estrogen

Many studies have focused on environmental estrogen-related diseases. However, no consistent gene markers or signatures for estrogenicity have been discovered in mammals. This study investigated the estrogenic effects of 17β-estradiol on the prostate in immature male mice. Consistent U-shaped responses were seen in bodyweight, ventral prostate epithelial morphology, and miRNA expression levels. Specifically, most estradiol regulated miRNAs were downregulated at low doses of estradiol (0.2 and 2 mg·kg^–1), and whose expression returned to the control level at a larger dose (200 mg·kg^–1). The function of these regulated miRNAs is related to the prostate cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, which is consistent with the function of estradiol. Furthermore, the miRNA-processing machinery, Drosha, in the prostate was also regulated in a similar pattern, which could be a part of the U-shaped miRNA expression mechanism. All of these data indicate that the prostate is a reliable organ for evaluating estrogenic activity and that the typical nonmonotonic dose-response relationship could be used as a novel biomarker for estrogenicity.

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内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析

地质灾害的形成受地质环境条件中多种要素的综合控制,二者之间密切相关.这些要素包括地形地貌、气象特征、植被生态、地层岩性、地质构造、岩土体类型、人类工程活动.根据内蒙古自治区内地质灾害调查工作的研究程度及区内地质灾害的自身特点,以区内已发生灾害的大量统计数据为基础,定性分析了在何种地质环境条件下,才可能发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷灾害;定量分析了地形坡度、地形高差、沟谷流域特征、降雨量在某一具体分布范围内,才容易发育某种地质灾害;同时论述了人类工程活动对地质灾害的诱发作用.     

地质灾害系统的经济弹性及其结构研究

经济弹性是降低地质灾害系统经济损失的主要方式,如果能够对其进行准确定义和精确测量,其降低灾害损失的有效性将得到进一步增强.为此,在比较区分生态、工程、组织、规划、心理等不同学科领域弹性概念基础上,结合地质灾害系统的基本构成,对其经济弹性进行了操作化定义和数学描述.进而,在描述了地质灾害系统作用过程后,指出地质灾害系统的经济弹性是一个四维结构的概念,这对于准确衡量地质灾害经济弹性,提升其效率与潜力具有重要的作用.     

Three-dimensional barricading of a predatory trap reduces predation and enhances prey capture

Animal structures come at material, energetic, time, and expression costs. Some orb-web spiders add three-dimensional barrier structures to their webs, but many do not. Predator protection is considered to be the principal benefit of adding these structures. Accordingly, it remains paradoxical why some orb-web spiders might construct the barriers while others do not. Here, we experimentally determined whether the barrier structure added to the horizontal orb web of the spider Cyrtophora moluccensis deters predators at the cost of reducing the amount of prey captured in the field. We conducted experiments by day and night to assess whether the effects vary with the time of day. We found that the three-dimensional barriers not only offered protection from predatory wasps by day but also enhanced the amount of prey captured by day and night. Moreover, the barrier structure appears particularly useful at catching moths, the largest and most energetically profitable prey that it encounters. We, therefore, concluded that reducing the energetic and time costs associated with producing and depositing extra silk threads is the principal reason why barrier structures are used intermittently among orb-web spiders.     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。     

Synergistic degradation of pyrene and volatilization of arsenic by cocultures of bacteria and a fungus

The combination of two bacteria (Bacillus sp. PY1 and Sphingomonas sp. PY2) and a fungus (Fusarium sp. PY3), isolated from contaminated soils near a coking plant, were investigated with respect to their capability to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic. The results showed that all strains could use pyrene and arsenic as carbon and energy sources in a basal salts medium (BSM), with the combined potential to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic. Bacillus sp. PY1, Sphingomonas sp. PY2 and Fusarium sp. PY3 were isolated from the consortium and were shown to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic independently and in combination. Fungal-bacterial coculture has shown that the most effective removal of pyrene was 96.0% and volatilized arsenic was 84.1% after incubation in liquid medium after 9 days culture, while bioremediation ability was 87.2% in contaminated soil with 100 mg·kg^-1 pyrene. The highest level of arsenic volatilization amounted to 13.9% of the initial As concentration in contaminated soil after 63 days. Therefore, a synergistic degradation system is the most effective approach to degrade pyrene and remove arsenic in contaminated soil. These findings highlight the role of these strains in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with pyrene and arsenic.     

Study of county-level low-carbon standards in China based on carbon emissions per capita

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon development is an essential measure to combat climate change, and the establishment of low-carbon standards is an important means to achieve low-carbon development. Due to the differences in size and development level among counties of China, the applicability and fairness of county-level low-carbon standards are very important in this country. This study analyzed the trends of county-level carbon emissions in China, defined the peak value of carbon emissions per capita, summarized the characteristics of existing low-carbon standards, and proposed a fair county-level low-carbon standard based on carbon emissions per capita. The results of our analysis suggest that, under the constraints of carbon emissions reduction policies, China’s carbon emissions per capita will tend towards a stable range. Additionally, by referring to predictions results of the peak value of China’s carbon emissions per capita, it was determined that, in low-carbon development targets, China’s county-level carbon emissions per capita should be set within the range of 2–4 tons. Besides setting low-carbon standards, the Chinese government and private enterprises should develop low-carbon technologies as soon as possible and innovate management models to achieve the win–win situation of simultaneous economic growth and carbon emissions reduction.     

多壁碳纳米管对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

以多壁碳纳米管为研究对象,从生化作用、酶活性、微生物数量和群落结构4个方面系统评估其对土壤微生物的影响。设置两组实验,分别为碳纳米管组和对照组。对于碳纳米管组,按1mg碳纳米管·g-1土的浓度将多壁碳纳米管与土样均匀混合,对照组中不加入多壁碳纳米管。定期(每28d)取样测定两组土壤中的各项生态毒理指标。近5个月的实验结果显示,不同指标对多壁碳纳米管的响应不同。土壤呼吸作用初期受抑制但后期恢复,氨化作用初期被促进但后期被抑制,脱氢酶活性发生增强和抑制两次波动,荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性在整个实验期间一直被抑制,微生物量出现先减少后增加再减少的规律,群落结构在实验初期和后期均有较大变化。总体上,多壁碳纳米管对土壤微生物表现了一定的生态毒性,但除荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性外,各毒理效应在统计意义上并不显著(0.05水平)。